Effects of elevated CO2 and N fertilization on soil respiration from ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) in open-top chambers
نویسندگان
چکیده
We measured growing season soil CO, evolution under elevated atmospheric CO, and soil nitrogen (N) additions. Our objectives were to determine treatment effects, quantify seasonal variation, and determine regulating mechanisms. Elevated CO, treatments were applied in opentop chambers containing 3-year-old ponderosa pine ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) seedlings. Nitrogen applications were made annually in early spring. The experimental design was a replicated factorial combination of CO, (ambient, f175, and +350 pL.L-’ CO,) and N (0, 10, and 20 g. m-* N as ammonium sulfate). Soils were irrigated to maintain soil moisture at >25%. Soil CO, evolution was measured over diurnal periods (20-22 h) in April, June, and October 1993 using a flow-through, infrared gas analyzer measurement system. To examine regulating mechanisms, we linked our results with other studies measuring root biomass with destructive sampling and root studies using minirhizotron techniques. Significantly higher soil CO, evolution was observed in the elevated CO, treatments in April and October; N effects were not significant. In October, integrated daily values for CO, evolution ranged from 3.73 to 15.68 g C0,.m-2.day-’ for the ambient CO, + 0 N and 525 pL.L-’ CO, + 20 g.rn-’ N, respectively. Soil CO, flux among treatments was correlated with coarse root biomass (r2 = 0.40; p >F = 0.0380), indicating that at least some of the variation observed among treatments was related to variation in root respiration. Across all sample periods and treatments, there was a significant correlation (r2 = 0.63; p >F = 0.0001) between soil CO, evolution and percent fungal hyphae observed in minirhizotron tubes. Hence, some of the seasonal and treatment variation was also related to differences in heterotrophic act ivi ty. R&urn6 : Nous avons mesure l’evolution du CO, Cdaphique pendant une saison de croissance en conditions de CO, atmospherique ClevC et d’ajouts d’azote (N) au sol. Nos objectifs Ctaient de determiner les effets des traitements sur cette variable, d’en quantifier la variabilite saisonniere et d’en Clucider les mecanismes de controle. Le traitement de CO, &eve a CtC applique dans des chambres d’exclusion a ciels ouverts contenant des semis de pins ponderosa (Pinus ponderosa L.) ages de 3 ans. Les applications de N Ctaient faites annuellement, tot au printemps. Le dispositif experimental Ctait un factoriel complet de concentrations en CO, (ambiant, + 175 et +350 pL.L-’ CO,) et de taux d’application de N (0, 10 et 20 g.rnm3 sous forme de sulfate d’ammonium). Les sols etaient irrigues de facon a maintenir leur taux d’humidite plus ClevCe que 25%. L’evolution du CO, Cdaphique a Cte mesuree sur des periodes de 20 a 22 h en avril, juin et octobre 1993 au moyen d’un systeme de mesure a debit continu muni d’un analyseur infrarouge. Nous avons lie nos resultats a d’autres etudes portant sur des mesures destructives de biomasse racinaire et des observations racinaires au moyen de minirhizotrons afin d’examiner les mecanismes de contrble. Received January 3, 1995. Accepted April 20, 1995. J.M. Vose and K.J. Elliott. USDA Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, 999 Coweeta Lab Road, Otto, NC 28763, U.S.A. D.W. Johnson. Desert Research Institute and Environmental and Resource Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 895 12, U.S.A. R.F. Walker. Environmental and Resource Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89512, U.S.A. M.G. Johnson. ManTech Environmental Technology, Inc., Environmental Research Laboratory, 200 S.W. 35th Street, Corvallis, OR 97333, U.S.A. D.T. Tingey. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, 200 S.W. 35th Street, Corvallis, OR 97333, U.S.A. Can. J. For. Res. 25: 1243-1251 (1995). Printed in Canada / Imprimt au Canada Can. J. For. Res. Vol. 25, 1995 Le traitement de CO, ClevC a entrain6 une augmentation significative du CO, Cdaphique en avril et en octobre; l’effet du N n’etait pas significatif. En octobre, l’evolution journal&e du CO, ttait de 3,73 g CO,.m-*.d-’ avec le CO, ambiant et 0 N, et de 15,68 g CO,.m-‘d’ avec 525 uL.L-’ de CO, et 20 g.m-* de N. Le flux de CO, Cdaphique Ctait correle avec la biomasse des racines gross&es (r* = 0,40; P > F = 0,0380), indiquant qu’au moins une partie de la variation observee entre les traitements Ctait due a une variation de la respiration racinaire. Toutes periodes et tous traitements regroup&, nous avons obtenu une correlation significative (r’ = 0,153; P > F = 0,OOOl) entre l’evolution du CO, du sol et le pourcentage d’hyphes de champignons mesure avec les minirhizotrons. Une partie de la variation au tours de la saison et entre les traitements Ctait done aussi causee par des differences dans l’activid heterotrophique. [Traduit par la Redaction]
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